The Facts About Educational and Roth IRA’s Essay -- essays papers

The Facts About Educational and Roth IRA’s In 1997 great things came into play for the taxpayers. The Tax Reform Act of 1997, which was inacted by the IRS, allowed single taxpayers and married taxpayers a considerable amount of tax relief for the Educational and Roth IRA’s. Individual Retirement Accounts, also known as IRA’s, are accounts opened in an individual’s name only and provide tax-deferred savings for retirement. The contributions may be fully deductible, partially deductible, or nondeductible. All IRA’s have the same basic characteristics that enable customers to save money while gaining benefits that may include tax-deferred savings and tax deductions. An IRA is a product in which customers place additional products into, such as CD’s, stocks, bonds and mutual funds. These products are placed into IRA’s to meet customers’ retirement, education, or other future needs. The customers are able to select these products based on their tolerance to risk and their individual investment goals. The IRA will hold these products and provide the potential tax shelter and savings incentives. In order to explain the great qualities of the Roth IRA and the Educational IRA, you must know just a few things about the Traditional IRA. The Traditional IRA is the original product offered to help individuals set aside funds for retirement. To be eligible to contribute to the Traditional IRA the customer must be 70 1/2 or younger, and have an earned income. With the Traditional IRA any withdrawals are subject to income tax in the year in which they are being withdrawn. In addition there are some penalties which may apply if the individual is under the age of 59 1/2 when the funds are withdrawn. There are only seven ways the customers may withdrawal from their Traditional IRA before age 59 1/2 with out being penalized a 10% premature-distribution penalty. These seven ways would be death, disability, medical expenses over 7.5% of AGI, health insurance premiums for certain unemployed individuals, first time home buyer (up to $10,000), higher education expenses, and substantially eq ual periodic payments. With the Traditional IRA the maximum contribution allowed is the lesser of earned income or $2,000. This contribution is not tax-deductible (smartmoney, the ira super page, 2000). With a Traditional IRA there are required minimum distributions which must ... ...two options which they can choose from. The first option is to withdrawal the remaining amount, but it will be subject to income tax and an additional 10 percent tax that represents earnings. The second option is to have the remaining amount rolled over into another IRA. In addition to the two options just discussed the Education IRA can be designated to another beneficiary instead of rolling it over. Bibliography: SmartMoney.com (2000). Roth IRAs: You wanted to know [Internet]. Available: http://www.smartmoney.com/ac/ira/index.cmf?story=know [2000, January 28]. SmartMoney.com (2000). Roth IRAs: To convert or not [Internet]. Available: http://www.smartmoney.com/ac/ira/index.cmf?story=convert [2000, January 28]. SmartMoney.com (2000). The IRA Super Page [Internet]. Available: http://www.smartmoney.com/ac/ira/index:cmf?story=supertable [2000, January 28]. TrowePrice.com (2000). Education IRAs [Internet]. Available: http://www.troweprice.com/college/cpklib2.html [2000, February 8]. Dow Jones Industrial Webcenter (2000). What’s Hot! [Internet]. Available: http://www.irs.ustreas.gov/plain/hot/not97-603.html [2000, February 7

Librarysystem

A PROPOSED COMPUTERIZED LIBRARY SYSTEM USING RFID FOR BARANGKA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Informatics International College Cainta, Rizal In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for Thesis A MEJIA, JEMWARD ALLEN M. AMERICA, EDMAN PAUL R. LUMBAO, JONALYN D. FEBRUARY 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS THESIS APPROVAL SHEET †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iii DEDICATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv ABSTRACT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ v TABLE OF CONTENTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Background of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Statement of the Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Scope and Limitation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Significance of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Research Hypothesis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 CHAPTER 2 EVALUATION DESIGN AND FRAMEWORK †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Theoretical Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Conceptual Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 The Variables, their Definitions and Importance to the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Definition of Terms †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Methods of research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 Locale of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Participants of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Sources of Data †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 Procedure of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 Design Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 Statistical Treatment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 28 CHAPTER 6 OUTPUT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 130 APPENDICES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 131 CURRICULUM VITAE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦140 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to extend our gratitude to the following staff and students of Barangka Elemen tary School who helped us while working on this proposal: Ms. Lourdes Larios, Ms. Violeta Dig, Ms. Aizaleen Marcelo, Jan Bernice Reign Cruz, Arch Gabriel Tesorero, Katya Santos, Patricia Kaye Cervantes, Reylaldo Jose, Kimberlyn Gumaro, Rudelyn Dingding, Eunice Roxas, Claire Erika Samsona, Maria Angelica Ronsairo, Rica Mae Guttierez and Jim Arron Abanos.We would also like to thank our adviser, Ms. Mylene Alvaran who guided us throughout the whole process of this study. To our families who gifted us with education, the rest of our Informatics Marikina family, and last but not the least, to our Lord God. With Him all things are possible. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The library is always been a â€Å"study room† for the people especially for the students who wants to make studies and researches. We simply define library as a room or building containing a collection of books. Before the advent of omputers, libraries usually used a card catalog to index all the items inside it. For acad emic libraries, if the students want to borrow a book, they should have their library card and they should give it to the librarian for the security of the books and for special libraries you should be member of that institution, organization or association. There are three types of libraries. First public libraries, it describes as large main branch and opens to the public and it is maintained by the local authorities like National Library here in the Philippines.It has the most extensive reference collection (dictionaries, encyclopedia, indexes, historical documents of the Philippines, etc. ) and provides resources such as internet access and databases on CD-ROM. Second type of library is the College Libraries. This type is what all schools have. Sometimes it’s open to the public also and its collection reflects the academic majors and specialties of the school. Lastly, the Special Libraries, its being run by corporations, associations or governments or specialized in a par ticular subject.The existence of a library for every schools, organizations, institution and associations come with much importance, like it can be considered as a store-house of knowledge and renders a great service to the society. It plays a very important role in promoting the progress of knowledge. Foe people who love read books which also called â€Å"bookworms† but can’t afford to buy books, library is the best for them, also a best help especially for students. It is also a very useful for rural youths to spend their time reading books instead of doing evil habits such as gambling and loitering.Nowadays library has been evolving to automated library system (ALS) or also known as Library Management System (LMS). It is use to track all items inside the library and monitor who have borrowed and return books. It uses a software or program that interact with the database and has two graphical user interfaces (GUI), one for user and one for administrator. It is cost e ffective and space saving alternative to other document shelving, and addressing the need for secure and automated document and record handling. Radio-frequency technology has come far from its roots at the beginning of the twentieth  century.Russian physicist  Leon  Ã‚   Theremin is commonly attributed as having created the first RFID device in 1946 (Scanlon, 2003). While Theremin may be recognized for the first successful application of the technology, RFID has earlier roots. RFID is a combination of radar and radio broadcast technology. Radar was developed in the  U. S. in the 1920s (Scanlon, 2003). Scholars noted the relationship between electricity and magnetism, which is a foundation of radio broadcasting, at the beginning of the nineteenth century (Romagnosi, 2009).Harry Stockman wrote a seminal paper in 1948, identifying the vast amount of research and development still needed before â€Å"reflected-power communications† could be used in applications. Interest in implementing RFID in libraries is on the rise (Dorman, 2003). RFID technology has been used to raise efficiency in transport, business and theft-monitoring systems. The evolution of RFID described below suggests that libraries may well benefit from widespread use of this technology. Background of the StudyBarangka Elementary school is located at General Julian Cruz Street, Bonifacio Avenue, Barangka. Marikina City. The school is currently has more than 1000+ book titles and copies. With only a librarian and a teacher librarian handling all transactions thru manual recording and processing, book borrowing and returning as well as master list updating has always been a tedious task. This has been causing delays in processing, organization, and inventory of currently available, currently borrowed, damaged, donated and phased-out books and consumes a lot of time.Other than those problems it can also came up with the result of data mishandling, book records are not updated and lots o f borrowers will have a time waiting for one borrower to another, librarian will be more confused if there will come a time were all students are borrowing a book all at the same time. T0he researchers came up with the idea of developing a Library System that would improve transaction efficiency. Being part of an institution where identification is used not just for efficiency but for safety as well, the proponents decided to make the usage of the library system but the library data files/ documents more secured.The library system may only be used by authorized staff, but it would be better if the library itself was restricted for those who are supposed to benefit from it. By having the need to identify themselves with the use of RFID, everyone who borrows a book in the library is enlisted. Also, it will help the library staff to be able to monitor and distinguish the days and books the library is most used and the statistical details of the library. Statement of the Problem Current Library System of Barangka Elementary School (Manual Library System) 1. The system is inconvenient to use 2.The security of books is questionable 3. Take more effort and time consuming in listing and checking all the books 4. The librarians don’t have any idea about the circulating books. 5. The students and professors don’t know the books information and availability. 6. Sometimes the librarian didn’t know the total amount of fines and date of dues of the students. 7. The librarian can’t have a reports of who borrowed and returned books. 8. The student cant reserve book/s. 9. Sometimes the books were being borrowed by students for more than 2 days. 10. The books were damaged after returning HypothesisThere is no significant difference between the perceptions of the teachers, students and the librarian concerning the Library System using RFID. Scope and Limitation The study took place at the Barangka Elementary School. The researchers conduct a study ins ide the school and ask for permission to gather some information about their library. After that the researchers went to the library and have some study, they went to the Barangka Elementary School on February 22, 2013 to gather some information for the proposed library system using RFID and gathered these following variables to suits the proposal system.These variables that the researchers gathered are student name, address, contact details, and book ID for further explanation student name is needed for the librarian to know who is the borrower and identify the borrower, Address to identify the borrowers current location, contact details to contact the borrower if there is some problems about the book and book id to identify the number of the book and the number of its copy when it is being borrowed. After gathering the variables needed, the researcher needs some programming language in order to use the gathered variables as data to the proposed system.The VB6. 0 or shall we say Vi sual Basic 6. 0 or Visual Basic. Net is being chosen by the researcher as programming language. The researcher also needs some hardware for the proposed system in order to make some testing and runs. For the researchers they choose desktop and laptop computer which is currently installed with vb. 6. 0 and running to an operating system of Windows XP and Windows 7. Significance of the Study In this section, the study benefits the following people inside and outside the organization: 1. Librarian Once the new I.T solution is implemented in the library, the librarian would be able to easily monitor more books that are available or unavailable. He/she can easily identify the borrower with the use of RFID. This means faster access to information and faster processing of book borrowing. 2. Students and faculty Students and faculty members can benefit from this study because with the new automated system, they would be able to easily find the books they want to barrow. They would also bene fit from faster processing of book borrowing since the library staff would be able to easily track borrowers. . School administration The school administration will also benefit from this study because the library system also brings about more secure ways of managing the school’s library collection. This means that the possibility of losing books due to lost borrowing records and security problems will be minimized with the proper implementation of the new system. This new system serves as a good way to protect the school’s investment in library holdings. Chapter 2 EVALUATION DESIGN AND FRAMEWORK Theoretical Framework The association of research libraries (ARL) in North America has collected tatistics related to its member’s libraries for many years ago. These statistics focused on â€Å"input† measure size of collections or number or staff. Subsequently, ARL considered â€Å"Output† measures such as circulation statistics. Shim and Kantor (1996) u sed data envelope Analysis (DEA) to evaluate digital libraries. DEA measures the relative efficiencies of Organizations (â€Å"decision making units†), given multiple inputs and outputs the measurement of efficiency can apply to a single institution over time, or across multiple institutions.As shim and Kantor state â€Å" an efficient library is defined as the one which produces the same output with less input or, for a given input, produces more output. † While this approach advance the notion of evaluation, Kyrillido (2002) points out that the relationships between inputs and outputs within a library are not necessarily clear. Additionally, Shim and Kantor indicate that libraries must describe how inputs are transformed into services, rather than outputs. ARL has acknowledged this need through its New Measures Initiative, which emphasizes outcomes, impacts, and quality, based on user satisfaction.ARL‘s E-metrics projects represents an effort to define and coll ect data on the use and value of electronic resources. ARL’s LibQual+â„ ¢ attempts to measure overall service quality in academic research libraries (Cook et al. , 2001). LibQual+â„ ¢ arose from SERVQUAL, an instrument, based on the gap theory of service quality, which was used to assess private sector institutions. ARL intends to extend LibQual+â„ ¢ to evaluate digital libraries, through the National Science Foundation’s National SMETE Digital Library (NSDL) program.The affirmed Kantor, along with Saracevic, (1997a; 1997b) conducted a long term study to develop a taxonomy of user values for library services and a methodology for applying the taxonomy. They also provide arguments for the importance of used-based evaluation include Norlin (2000) who evaluated user satisfaction regarding references services with surveys to gather demographic data, unobtrusive observations of the delivery of reference services, and follow-up focus groups. Hill et al. (1997) used multiple methods to obtain feedback regarding the Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) at the University of California, Santa Barbara.The study adopted several methods to evaluate user views including: online surveys, ethnographic studies, focus groups, and user comments. The goal of this study was not to compare the value of the library system to its costs, but rather to incorporate the user feedback in the ongoing design and implementation of the ADL. Talbot et al. (1998) employed a Likert type survey to evaluate patron satisfaction with various library services at the University of California, San Diego. This survey was conducted in response to a comprehensive change in the library management’s philosophy.Chris Borgman at UCLA has written extensively regarding digital libraries from user-centric perspective. One of her recent works, Borgman (2000), provides a multi-disciplinary, holistic, human- centered perspective on the global information infrastructure. Many economists inc luding Hal Varian, Malcolm Getz, and Jeff Mackie-Manson have examined the evaluation of libraries and information. Mackie-Manson, and the others, examined the issue of electronic journals pricing during the Pricing Access to Knowledge (PEAK) 2000 conference.There are numbers of studies that adopt multi-attribute, stated-preference techniques, or some variant of them. Crawford (1994) describes a multi-attribute, stated-preference application for evaluating reference within academic libraries and provides an overview of an earlier study using similar techniques (Halperin and Stradon 1980). Harless and Allen (1999) utilize contingent valuation methodology (CVM), a subset of multi-attribute, stated –preference techniques, to measure patron benefits of reference desk services.Basically, CVM explores user’s willingness to pay in dollar values, for varying levels of services. The most widely cited reference for CVM’s Mitchell and Carson (1989). The Harless and Allen pa per raises the important distinction between use and option value, concepts that have been developed in the context of environmental. Use value reflects the value of benefits as assigned by actual users of specific services. Option value incorporates the additional benefits as determined by users who might use specific services in the future (i. e. individual who had not used the reference service but still placed a value of its existence). Any evaluation study that focuses only on individuals who use a specific service (e. g. , interviewing only patrons as they leave the reference desk) will most probably underestimate the benefit of the service in question. Outside of the US, the eVALUEd project team has implemented a questionnaire designed to collect data regarding evaluation methodologies in the UK. The questionnaire was offered to the heads of Library/Information Services in Higher Education Institutions in UK.The goal eVALUEd is to produce a transferable model for e-library ev aluation and to provide training and dissemination in e-library evaluation. The results of this effort should provide an interesting comparison to efforts based in the US. These studies demonstrate an increasing emphasis on both inter and intra-institutional measures, outcomes rather than inputs, a user-centric perspective, adoption of evaluation techniques from various disciplines, and evaluation of libraries that is published as a software. Conceptual FrameworkThe aim of conceptual model of the study is to visualize the theoretical plans that will be used in the study. It is composed of three blocks, explicitly the input, the process and the output blocks. The Input Block is made up of personal information such as name and address contact details . Book number for the numerical arrangement of book according to its accession number and identification card for serial number purposes. The Process block is made up process where all the variables in the input is being used to make a pr ocess that will definitely return a certain output.The Output block is made up of what will be the outcome when the inputs and process have been done and it is Library system using rfid The Evaluation will now see if the system meets the client’s requirements if it is working properly. It will serve as assembly practice for the comments, feedbacks, and suggestions from the user of the system. Importance to the study The importance of name to the study is to identify who are the borrower / user of the library system. The importance of address in the study is to identify the borrowers / user’s location for security purposes.The importance of contact details in the study is to identify the borrowers/ user’s details whenever there are some arguments about the book that has been borrowed or returned. The importance of the Book ID/ Book Number is to identify the current book status whenever it is in or out of the library. Chapter 3 Methodology Method of Research The p roponents use the following techniques or methods in order to achieve data gathering for this study. First, the researchers use the descriptive method of research that involves a process of observation of events and facts and their description in words and/or numbers.Second, the proponents also use the job analysis method that deals with the assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of practices, policies, instruments or other variables in work process of an organization. These two methods were used because the tasks in the study involves the observation of perceptions of the respondents and the analysis of existing work practices in order to come up with improvements. Locale of the Study The study took place in Barangka Elementary School, located at Bonifacio Avenue Barangka Marikina City, beside the Barangay Hall of Brgy. Barangka.The library currently uses manual process of borrowing and returning of books, a data base that contains an inventory of books. However the library doesn’t give students and faculty members/ staffs the ability of borrowing and returning of books more secured and much detailed information. The database just helps the librarian in performing regular inventories of books. The researcher then thought of coming up with a solution to help improve the way the library’s collection and book borrowing are managed. For further analysis here a scenario for us to know about the process currently happens in Barangka elementary school library.At first the student will confront the librarian asking for a book and then the librarian will look up to his/ her records of the books. If the book is in the book shelves then the librarian will tell if it is available or out. When the book is available then the librarian will ask if the student will borrow the book and ask for his/ her library card and fill it with the following information. After registering the book as being barrowed the librarian take a look at his/ her records and re cord the book that is being borrowed.And this is the process in the Barangka elementary school library. Participants The participants in this study were librarian, Students and faculty members. During this conduct of study the population of the participants could be broken down to 150 students, 10 faculty members and staff and school librarian with the total of 161 persons. The survey was held to get the general perceptions of the librarians, students and faculty members on the accuracy, efficiency and security of the current library system. Research InstrumentsInterview about the existing library system was done by asking questions related company’s background, existing library process, problems encountered while using the existing system. The answers are answerable by their own insights of the person involved during the interview session. The purpose of the surveys and interviews is for the proponents will know of there will be improvements that they are going to add for th eir proposed project. The proponents used questionnaires for surveys of Barangka Elementary School Library system using rfid.The questionnaire is composed of 4 questions. These are answerable by the numbers which are from their own perceptions and experiences and experiences. Number one (1) is equivalent to always answer, number two (2) is equivalent to often, number three (3) is equivalent to sometimes answer, number four (4) is equivalent to rarely answer and number five (5) is equivalent to never answer. The proponents chose the survey to be answerable by 1,2,3,4 and 5 only because they want it to be more convenient and answerable by the students of the Barangka Elementary School. Data gatheringBefore initiating the study, the researchers requested permission through a letter signed by the adviser, and approved by the school Principal. The questionnaire to be used for the survey was prepared and presented to the adviser for the approval. After the adviser’s approval of the questionnaire, the researchers conducted the survey in the school where the participants include the librarian, students and faculty members. Design Strategy 1. Planning On completing the survey and the data gathering, the researchers started the planning stage in the developing the Library system using rfid.Through the survey and interview, the researchers learned more about the existing manual library system, and how it can be improved through with the use of RFID. During the planning stage, the data flow diagram, entity relationship diagram and flow chart were prepared. 2. Writing The researchers used VB. 60 and VB. net in programming the process and Microsoft Access for the database. Vb6. 0 and Vb. net was selected it can handle a program more reliable, Microsoft Access is selected because it can handle database more efficiently. 3. Testing The Library system using rfid was tested first among the researchers.The librarian, students and the faculty members also tested the system and gave suggestions in improving its usability. 4. Implementation The proponents have launched the Barangka Elementary School Library system using rfid after all testing, analyzing the final results and all the criteria and said goal are accomplished. Should the proponents and benefactors of the said system are not satisfied; the system will then undergo a new evaluation. The implementation has the following stages: 1. Training of staff and librarian – The staff, administrations and librarians will be trained later on time.They’ll learn the security features, how to enter data produce reports. 2. Live run of the System – The proponents will present during this initial live run to troubleshoot possible errors. 3. Turnover of documentation and software – The software and documentation will be turned over to the administrators and librarians of the school as soon as the System was being approved. Chapter 4 Results and Findings This chapter presents the dat a gathered through the survey. The results were analyzed by using the weighted means, and their corresponding verbal interpretations.Table 1, 2, 3, and 4 show the results of the survey conducted for the students and librarian of the Barangka Elementary School, Marikina City on the accuracy, security, accessibility, and usability of proposed library system which is Barangka Elementary School Library System using RFID. They asked 160 respondents including the librarian and faculty staff. Table 1: Perceptions of the students and the librarian on security Question 1| Number of Respondents| WtdX| Verbal Interpretation| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | The books are well secure. 152| 8| 1| 0| 0| 1. 3| Books are always secure. | The results under the category accuracy gave weighted means ranging to 1. 3 (always). The results indicate that all books were secure Library System School using RFID. Table 2: Perceptions of the students and librarian on the accessibility Question 2| Number of Respondents| Wt d X| Verbal Interpretation| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | The accessibility of the system is applicable. | 154| 6| 0| 0| 0| 1. 15| The accessibility of the user accounts is always applicable. |According to the results under the category accessibility gave weighted means ranging to 1. 15 (Always). The results include that the proposed system has user level accessibility from school staffs to student accounts of campus. Table 3: perception of the students and the librarian on accuracy Question 3| Number of Respondents| Wtd X| Verbal Interception| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | . The Accuracy in updating account details | 148| 12| 0| 0| 0| 1. 1| The data and settings are always accurate| Under the table of question about accuracy gave weighted means ranging to 1. (Always). The result include that the records / data and settings are always accurate and can give correct and updated information to the users. Table 4: Perceptions of the students and the librarian on usability Question 4| Number of Respondent s| Wtd X| Verbal Interpretation| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | Usability of the system. (e. g. Features Modules)| 150| 10| 0| 0| 0| 1. 25| The system is always usable or user friendly. | Under the table of usability the weighted means ranging to 1. 25 (Always).The result implies that the users can use the system with minimum trainings or without trainings at all. Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation This presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations to solve the problems. A. Summary The findings of this study are shown under the categories of accuracy, security, accessibility, and usability. 1. Perception of accuracy According to the perception of the students and the librarian, accuracy of data are well maintained by the system. 2. Perception on security According to the students and librarian, all the books can be secure. . Perception on accessibility According to the students and the librarian, user accessibility of the system is applicable and working prope rly. 4. Perception on usability According to the students and librarian, the system is easy to use with graphical user Interface. B. Conclusion Taking into the account the finding mentioned previously, proponents came up with their conclusion that the system has meet the minimum requirements and important requirements that the client needs. All the modules are working properly and satisfy the users.Although the system is open for future enhancement. C. Recommendation The proponents came up with the following recommendations based on the result of the live run testing of the system; . User Level – logout of the existing account first before another user can login. . Quantity of the books – the total number of books in each category. . Fine computation – computation of fine of each student. . Usability of internet in accessing accounts of the users – using of internet in accessing user accounts. APPENDCES A. Survey Questionnaire Name: __________________ Dat e: _____________Upon using the applied system, indicate if the questions below meet the desired requirements of the users. Check the number of your desired answer. (1- Always, 2- Often, 3- Sometimes, 4- Rarely, 5- Never) Questions| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 1. The books are well secured| | | | | | 2. The accessibility of the system is applicable. (e. g borrower type)| | | | | | 3. The account details are updateable| | | | | | 4. Usability of the system(e. g graphical interface)| | | | | | Screenshots Login Page Main Menu Books User Borrower Borrowing Returning Book Reports

The Affect of too much Advertising - 725 Words

If you think excessive advertising is harmless and affects no one, sadly, you are absolutely wrong. Advertising has many problems and negative effects on people and you are right to be annoyed by the waves of ads you are attacked by everyday. The problem I chose to explain is advertising targeting teens tweens, this affects people by draining them of money, priorities, and even their social obligations. However, you can solve this problem by educating yourself and being aware of all of the marketing techniques and ads that you, not just kids, are deluged with daily. One of the many media-related problems is the teen/tween market. The problem here is that marketers and, to a lesser extent, consumers are becoming obsessed with it. This is problematic because everyone is losing money for the wrong reasons. Billions of dollars are being spent to tell teens that their product is cool and to spend billions of their own and their parents money to buy those products. And it’s working . Marketers are exploiting teens’ developing, self-identifying stage in their life to take their money. For example, according to the informational text: â€Å"Just the Facts About Advertising and Marketing to Children† by Betsy Taylor, a typical child sees about 55 or more ads daily. Also, $13,000,000,000 of the $230,000,000,000 being spent to advertise, are used specifically for advertising food and drink to teens and tweens. This demonstrates the problem because advertisers are putting a plethora ofShow MoreRelatedSocial and Environmental Factors Causing Obesity in Children809 Words   |  3 Pageswill need to take in more calories than they use, as the extra energy taken are used for their growing up. However, regularly take in too much energy without doing enough physical activities will result the energy being stored as fat and they will put on excess weight. Children need a balanced diet in order to grow up healthily. 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Why Vaccines Should Be Mandatory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1182 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example?   No US federal vaccination laws exist, but all 50 states have laws requiring children attending public school to be vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (generally in a DTaP vaccine); polio (an IPV vaccine); measles and rubella (generally in an MMR vaccine); and varicella (chickenpox). All 50 states allow medical exemptions, 47 states allow religious exemptions, and 17 states allow philosophical (or personal belief) exemptions. This federal law should be more open to personal beliefs in more states. Vaccines are usually used to prevent illness and disease, but there are several harmful chemicals in them that can show serious side effects, which is why vaccines should not be mandatory. There are many risks and side effects when looking into vaccines; Many of them have long last effects that never go away. According to the CDC, all vaccines carry a risk of a life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) in about one per million children. Long-term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and permanent brain damage may be associated with the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) and MMR vaccines, though the CDC notes the rarity of the reaction makes it difficult to determine causation. The CDC reports that pneumonia can be caused by the chickenpox vaccine, and a small possibility exists that the flu vaccine could be associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome, a disorder in which the persons immune system attacks parts of the peripheral nervous system, in about one or two per mill ion people vaccinated. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Vaccines Should Be Mandatory" essay for you Create order The National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) says that vaccines may be linked to learning disabilities, asthma, autism, diabetes, chronic inflammation, and other disabilities. One of the main ingredients that people worry about is thimerosal, an organic mercury compound found in trace amounts in one flu vaccine for children and other vaccines for adults, has a proposed link to autism. Aluminum is used in some vaccines and excess aluminum in human bodies can cause neurological harm. Formaldehyde, also found in some vaccines, is a carcinogen, and exposure can cause side effects such as cardiac impairment, central nervous system depression, changes in higher cognitive functions, coma, convulsions, and death. There are so many more ingredients in vaccines that cause so many more problems. All of these vaccines cause so many different problems that could affect someones way of living. It is a scary thought that one vaccine could leave someone with life impairments that will never go away, which is why I believe so many parents started opting out of vaccines. The thought of giving a child a problem that could potentially harm it is terrifying. Vaccines work by prodding the immune system to produce antibodies against viruses and bacteria, thus priming the body against these pathogens before they enter it. Some antibodies, however, can react against not only the intended pathogen proteins but also against human proteins † a phenomenon called cross-reactivity. A 2015 study published in Science Translational Medicine discovered that antibodies elicited by the Pandemrix influenza vaccine cross-reacted with a human brain protein † hypocretin receptor 2. Another reason vaccines shouldnt be used is because most diseases that vaccines target are relatively harmless i n many cases, thus making vaccines unnecessary. According to Shayan T. Vyas, MD, the chickenpox is often just a rash with blisters and can be treated with acetaminophen, cool compresses, and calamine lotion. The measles is normally a rash accompanied by a fever and runny nose and can be treated with rest and fluids. Rubella is often just a virus with a rash and low fever and can be treated with acetaminophen. Rotavirus can normally be treated with hydration and probiotics. If you can help treat an illness without putting harmful chemicals into a child, why wouldnt you? If harmed by a vaccine, the option of suing the manufacturer is not allowed. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) was signed into law in 1986 by President Ronald Raegan as part of a larger health bill. This act declares that no person can sue any vaccine manufacturer. Instead, they have The Office of Special Masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, also known as Vaccine Court, where you can file a case in return for compensation. Between 1989 and July 1, 2014, 3,645 compensation awards have been made by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) (amounting to over $2.7 billion in awards and $113.2 million to cover legal costs) and 9,786 claims have been dismissed (amounting to $62.8 million paid to 4,925 dismissed claimants to cover legal costs). In 2014, the court received 542 claims and compensated 365 people for a total of $202 million. Settlements ranged from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Many were for the flu shot and Guillain-Barre syndrome. According to the HeinOnline, A.J. was born May 15, 1994, a healthy baby boy. Between May 1994 and December 1995, A.J. was administered standard childhood vaccines In May 2001, seven years from his first administered vaccine, A.J. was diagnosed with disintegrative autism resulting from mercury toxicity. (pp 91) This is a recurring trend that has not stopped. Healthy babies are born, then get vaccinated and are never the same afte rward. These are the things that no one is talking about when discussing vaccines and the side effects of getting them. Medical decisions for children should be left to the parents or caregivers. Barbara Low Fisher, Co-founder of National Vaccine Information Center, stated, If the State can tag, track down and force citizens against their will to be injected with biological products of known and unknown toxicity today, there will be no limit on which individual freedoms the State can take away in the name of the greater good tomorrow. The government should not be able to intervene in personal medical choices that have the potential to govern the rest of our lives, especially with such high risks. Vaccines are unnatural, and natural immunity is more effective than vaccination. Even pro-vaccine organizations state that natural vaccination causes better immunity. Mayo Clinic states that natural infection often provides more complete immunity than a series of vaccinations. Kurt Perkins, DC, a chiropractor and wellness expert, stated, A vaccine violates all laws of natural immune defenses by taking a poten tial pathogen along with all the TOXIC ingredients (aluminum, formaldehyde, adjuvants, etc.) directly into your blood system. This process would never occur in building natural immunity. That last sentence is kind of an oxymoron. Immunity is a natural thing. Vaccines are an artificial thing. Natural immunity is much stronger than whatever they inject into your body. Without all the injections, your body would have found a natural way to fight illnesses off, making your immune system stronger than the injection would have. After discussing all the risks of vaccinations, I believe more research should be done over them before making them mandatory for anyone for any reason. The risks range from high to low, and they are still risks that no one should have to take when thinking about safety for themselves or others, especially if one of the risks is a fatality. If a person believes that their child should not require vaccinations, who is to tell them otherwise? It should be their decision on if they want their children vaccinated and going to public schools or not.

The Effect Of Myotonic Dystrophy Kinase Related Cdc42...

Introduction/Background: Cell motility is heavily studied, mainly due to the importance of cell motility in a living cell for normal physiological functions. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is integral kinase that phosphorylates serine/threonine residues in activation loops of various proteins that function in metabolism, grown, proliferation, and survival of various cells (Fyffe et al., 2013). Located on the human chromosome 16p13.3, it is ubiquitously expressed in human tissue, as well as other animals such as Drosophilla (Alessi et al., 1997). But PDK1 functionality is beyond just normal human cells, and has been heavily studied in directional cell migration for both physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing and tumor metastasis (Gagliardi et al., 2014). Myotonic dystrophy kinase-related CDC42-binding kinase ÃŽ ± (MRCKÃŽ ±) is a Rho-binding kinase that has been shown to cause actin cytoskeleton reorganization for cell motility through light-chain phosphorylation, which is required in cell motility (Chen et al., 1999). MRCK kinases play integral roles in actin-myosin regulations by being downstream effectors of GTPase-CDC42. Activation of GTPase-CDC42 and actin cytoskeleton reorganizations are both vital in cell motility, as the conversion of GTP to GDP provide actin filament degradation, which in turn allows for the formation of new filaments needed for movement of the cell. The authors of this paper attempt to deduce which domains of PDK1

Pdhpe Essay- Sports Medicine Free Essays

Physical preparation is very important to enhance the well-being of an athlete and to ensure that it keeps the players fit and injury free during a long season of sport. Physical preparation involves ensuring the body is prepared for an activity that it is to be involved in. Proper physical preparation is a major aspect in the prevention of sports injuries. We will write a custom essay sample on Pdhpe Essay- Sports Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many ways that a coach of a sports team can utilise physical preparation to enhance the wellbeing of the players. The preparation techniques include; conducting pre-screening, promoting particular skills and techniques that are required, developing physical fitness and following sufficient warm-up, stretching and cool-down procedures. Pre-screening is the first step to physical preparation for a sport or some sort of physical activity. It is an important preventative measure that is to be done before beginning an exercise. Pre-screening is done so that the coach/head person can determine the athlete’s current fitness level, goals and also to become familiar with the athlete’s medical history. This source of physical preparation is usually completed prior to joining a team sport e. g. Basketball, soccer, cricket, boxing and so on. It is also completed when joining a fitness club/organisation such as; a gym, aerobics, water aerobics, zumba and so on. Pre-screening allows exercise programs to be modified to the needs of the individual and with pre-screening being done, the coach will be able to know whats going on with each player because he will know the individuals medical history, health status, previous experience in physical activity and what their aiming to achieve. It will help the coach to know where the players’ weakness and strengths are, and what areas they’re struggling with. The next physical preparation method is skill and technique. Many sports injuries occur due to poor skill or technique. To ensure that athletes remain fit and active with no injury, the coach of the sports club needs to encourage appropriate skill and correct technique. The coach is responsible to ensure that the players they’re in charge of are capable with the basic skills of the game, especially those relevant to self-protection. Poor skill and technique could cause major injuries to an individual, e. . a soccer player who is constantly running/jogging across the field and doesn’t wear appropriate footwear; it will cause them to have stress fractures in the foot. If the coach encourages the players to wear appropriate footwear and safety equipment, along with learning the basic competent skills, then it will keep players injury-free duri ng the long season. With this technique, the coach needs to be aware of other certain conditions and situations that may be hard to avoid and will need to modify the game location or other aspects affecting it such as wet conditions and slippery surfaces. The coach has a very important role to play in ensuring the safe movement of the athlete through the different stages of learning a skill. Another main important aspect of physical preparation is being physically active. The coach and players can work together and prevent injuries by placing special importance on developing the physical components specific to their activities. For example, a netballer needs to work on their speed, agility, coordination and strength in the legs. To develop their physical fitness level, the coach needs to do intense training sessions with the players to build their physical component skills. Coaches also have other things to be looking out for such as individuals who need specific physical preparation for various reasons which include; a previous injury, a medical condition, a disability, an identified personal playing weakness. Coaches and trainers need to be aware of these individual needs, and must provide for these differences in their physical preparation programs. For e. g. if a tennis player has a tennis elbow, you will have to work around them to not make it worse. One other physical preparation technique that is highly significant is ‘Warm-up, stretching and cool-down’. A warm-up prior to starting any physical activity prepares and heats your body up for physical training or competition. The coach should ensure that the warm-up routine focuses on the muscles and movements relevant to the activity. Also the coach should ensure that the warm-up period should last between 20 and 35 minutes. It is very important to encourage a warm-up routine before a physical activity to prevent injuries. This is done by increasing body and muscle temperature, stretch ligaments and muscles to allow greater flexibility. After a basic warm-up, the coach must make sure of a stretching routine for 10-15 minutes. If stretching is done properly, it will outcome in increased length of muscle, reduce muscle tension, increase blood circulation and improve joint movement. When stretching, the coach should encourage both the two types of stretching which are static and PNF stretching to get the best results. Then the final 10-15 minutes of the warm-up, the coach should involve more intense exercises such as sharp sprints, agility movements, modified games and skill/technique drills. For e. g. in soccer, it would be appropriate to do a dribbling activity. Finally, a cool-down routine is critical in physical preparation. Reason for this being, a cool-down is to help the body to change from the intense activity back to a normal state. A coach should ensure that a cool-down routine is followed after any physical activity because it will reduce muscle soreness and tightness and that will allow the athlete to recover more quickly. The coach should make the cool-down routine run for 2 minutes of jogging followed by 3-5 minutes of walking. A coach needs to obey and follow all the areas of physical preparation to keep his players injury-free for long seasons and thoroughly prepared to perform to their best of their ability. To get the best outcome possible, the coach will have to encourage each of these areas and to do it properly. All the above aspects are all as important as each other. You can’t do some and ignore the others, to be physically prepared and hope for no un-necessary injuries, you have to perform all the components required of physical preparation; otherwise you will develop injuries that could have been prevented. How to cite Pdhpe Essay- Sports Medicine, Essay examples

A Discussion On Multimedia Essay Example For Students

A Discussion On Multimedia Essay Nic SinghDecember ?96 A Discussion on MultimediaMultimedia, or mixed-media, systems offer presentations that integrateeffects existing in a variety of formats, including text, graphics,animation, audio, and video. Such presentations first became commerciallyavailable in very primitive form in the early 1980s, as a result of advancesthat have been made in digital compression technology particularly thedifficult area of image compression. Multimedia online services areobtainable through telephone/computer or television links, multimediahardware and software exist for personal computers, networks, the internet,interactive kiosks and multimedia presentations are available on CD-ROMs andvarious other mediums. The use of multimedia in our society has it benefitsand its drawbacks, most defiantly. Some of the more computer-related uses ofmultimedia, such as electronic publishing, the internet, and computers ineducation will be discussed in depth thought this paper. Electronic publishing is the publishing of material in a computer-accessiblemedium, such as on a CD-ROM or on the Internet. In a broader sense of theterm it could also include paper products published with the aid of a desktoppublishing program, or any form of printing that involves the use of acomputer. Reference works became available in the mid-1980s both in CD-ROM format andonline. Increasingly, in the 1990s, magazines, journals, books, andnewspapers have become available in an electronic format, and some areappearing in that format only. Companies that publish technical manuals toaccompany their other products have also been turning to electronicpublishing. Electronic books have been recently introduced to the world as a whole. Thisnew concept is the use of internet or otherwise computer technology toelectronically convert books to a digital, readable format viewed on atelevision set or computer screen. This would most likely be done by scanningin individual pages in a book, arrange them in orderly fashion, and haveusers be able to cycle back and forth between the photo-identical pages. Thismethod would be very quick, and very easy to accomplish- that is- scanningpages as opposed to re-typing millions of words is preferred. This brings usto another method in electronic book production- the interactive method. Indigital format, the books pages can only be viewed, just like a book. If areader would want to take notes from a book, he/she would have to write downthe notes by hand, or would be forced to photo-copy the page(s). If the bookwas typed out entirely as would be done by an electronic word processor suchas Microsoft Word, users woul d greatly benefit. The ability for the computerto recognize the words on the screen as actual words as opposed to merebitmaps is often unrealized to the computer non-familiar. This recognitionallows the page to be edited with complete interactivity and ease- again likeMicrosoft Word. Books can be updated or corrected in real time, withouthaving to re-upload corrected pages, or compensate for unalignment in wordsand page breaks. Perhaps the most beneficial to the user is theinteractivity- the ability to interact with the words in the book. Byhighlighting letters on the page, copying them, and pasting them in personalclipboards or other word processing programs, the tedious task of note-takingcan be eliminated. This idea, on the other hand, can raise issues with theauthor and publisher of the book. Plagiarism, already a problem, would runwild in this area. Users would theoretically be able to copy entire books ormagazines to their personal files, and be able to use them as their ownre ports or writings. Additionally, the ability to view a book and itscontents at no charge obviously will not agree with some publishers. Thisalso brings up the idea of charging people for time ?online.? Users could becharged money for use of electronic books/magazines on a time basis. This,however, will not go over well in the public domain. We would rather take onthe trouble of taking manual notes than be charged for something that isotherwise free at a library. Julius Caesar And Superstitions EssaySince their introduction in schools in the early 1980s computers andcomputer software have been increasingly accessible to students andteachersin classrooms, computer labs, school libraries, and outside ofschool. By the mid-1990s there were about 4.5 million computers in elementaryand secondary schools throughout the United States. Schools buy Macintosh andIBM-compatible computers almost exclusively (though mostly Macs, dang it!!),although nearly half of their computers are based on older designs such asthe Apple IIe. Students spend on the average an hour per week using schoolcomputers. Though this depends on the studentComputers can be used for learning and teaching in school in at least fourways. First, learning involves acquiring information. Computers- especiallylinked to CD-ROMs and video disks that electronically store thousands ofarticles, visual images, and sounds- enable students to search the electronicequivalent of an encyclopedia or a video library to answer their ownquestions or simply to browse through fascinating and visually appealinginformation. Second, learning involves the development of skills like reading andmathematics- skills that are greatly learned on computers in basic forms. Software called computer-assisted instruction, or CAI, asks questions tostudents and compares each answer with the single correct answer- a verybasic program. Typically, such programs respond to wrong answers with anexplanation and another, similar problem. Sometimes CAI programs are embeddedin an entertaining game that holds student interest and yet keeps studentattention on academic work. Most CAI programs cover quite limited material,but some larger-scale reading and mathematics programs have been developed. Third, learning involves the development of a wide variety of analyticunderstandings. Computers help students reach these goals through softwaresuch as word processors , graphing and construction tools, electronicpainting and CAD programs, music composition programs, simulations of socialenvironments, and programs that collect data from science laboratoryequipment and aid in analysis. Finally, a large topic in learning is communicating with othersfinding andengaging an audience with ones ideas and questions. Several types ofcomputer software can be used in schools for communications: desktoppublishing and image-editing software for making professional-quality printedmaterials, computer programming languages such as BASIC or Pascal or C forcreating interactive computer exercises, and telecommunications software forexchanging ideas at electronic speeds with students in other classrooms allover the world. The computer in education can pose great benefits to the student, but to alimited extent. The computer must be used as a tool, and not as a teacher. Itshould be thought of as an educational assistant (in the school setting) andnot a game machine. Computers have unlimited possibilities, and we shouldincorporate them into our schools. But in doing this, we must realize thatcomputers should not be the main focus, education and the quality of theteachers should be. For any case, without solid teaching and instruction,computers and other such resources become useless. Nicholas SinghPICARDesign Graphics-http://members.aol.com/picdesign/-Serving all your graphical needs.